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							Official Program
					
			About this session
							Expand
		

While the role of systematic reviews becomes more fully appreciated, the quality of systematic reviews is inconsistent. As the field of systematic reviews evolves, there are an increasing number of frameworks and approaches that can be used to conduct such comprehensive research.  When conducting systematic reviews there are questions about how to: develop a protocol and PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome) questions, execute a search strategy, manage data, grade the literature, evaluate and manage biases, and ensure transparency of the process. This session will address these components by using a large multi-endpoint systematic review of caffeine which followed the framework of the IOM Report "Finding What Works in Health Care: Standards for Systematic Reviews", as a case study.

There continues to be interest within the scientific community in what is a safe level of caffeine intake and if certain populations should have modified recommendations.  Since the 2003 release of the highly cited and valued review by Nawrot et al., "Effects of caffeine on human health", there have been more than 5,000 articles on the effects of caffeine in humans published, highlighting the need for an update to this body of work.

The Systematic Review of the effects of caffeine on human health took into account the challenges of including nutrition and toxicological evidence. The health endpoints reviewed for caffeine are: acute toxicity, behavior, bone and calcium homeostasis, cardiovascular health, developmental and reproductive toxicity, and pharmacokinetics in three healthy populations.  The session will present the lessons learned and will emphasize the efforts taken to ensure transparency and rigor that allow for the achievement of a high level of scientific quality.  Specific areas of focus will include challenges with identifying and integrating caffeine intakes by level of adversity (e.g., physiological or clinical endpoints), and difficulties in applying standard risk of bias tools across outcomes and endpoints.

Although this session will focus on the Caffeine Systematic Review as a case study, the process, findings, and lessons are relevant to nutrition researchers and professionals who utilize systematic reviews.

Agenda & Videos Expand Welcome
Alison Kretser, MS, RD, IAFNS The Caffeine Landscape - framing the need for the Systematic Review 
Dennis Keefe, PhD, FDA
Video Striving for the Gold Standard in the Systematic Review Process
Esther Myers, PhD, RDN, FAND, EF Myers Consulting
Video The Methodology and Challenges of the Caffeine Systematic Review
Daniele Wikoff, PhD, ToxStrategies
Video Q&A
Moderated by Dennis Keefe, PhD
Video

10:10 - 10:25 Break

General Results of the Systematic Review
Daniele Wikoff, PhD, ToxStrategies
Video

Results of Specific Health Endpoints- Scientific Advisory Board Members

  • Harris Lieberman, US Army - Behavior - Video 
  • Charles O'Brien, University of Pennsylvania - Behavior - Video (See Lieberman for pdf)
  • Jennifer Peck, PhD University of Oklahoma - Reproductive & Developmental Toxicity - Video 
  • Daniele Wikoff on behalf of Jeffrey Goldberger, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine- Cardiovascular - Video 
  • Connie Weaver, PhD, Purdue University - Bone & Calcium - Video 
  • Milton Tenenbein, MD, University of Manitoba - Acute & Pharmacokinetics - Video 
Panel Discussion with the Caffeine Systematic Review Project Team Members Video
Moderated by Dennis Keefe, PhD
Panel includes: 6 of the 7 Scientific Advisory Board members, Daniele Wikoff of ToxStrategies (Scientific Review Team), Alison Kretser of IAFNS (Oversight Committee) Overall Conclusions - presented by Daniele Wikoff
Full session playlist  CoffeeBambooSmall

See IAFNS's other sessions at Experimental Biology 2017:

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Saturday, 22 April 2017
8:30AM - 12:30PM
Ballroom S100BC
Speakers: Dennis Keefe, FDA; Harris Lieberman, USARIEM; Esther Myers, EF Myers Consulting; Charles O'Brien, University of Pennsylvania; Jennifer Peck, University of Oklahoma; Milton Tenenbein, University of Manitoba; Connie Weaver, Purdue University; Daniele Wikoff, ToxStrategies
Supported by the Caffeine Working Group
Session Info & Videos The Changing Brain: How Brain Plasticity, Exercise and Nutrition Affect Function and Cognition
Saturday, 22 April 2017
3:00PM - 5:00PM,
Ballroom S100BC
  • Neurogensis and brain plasticity in the adult brain - Henriette van Praag, National Institute on Aging;
  • The Relation of Exercise, fitness, & Adiposity to Cognitive and Brain Health - Charles Hillman, University of Illinois - Video
  • Neuroinflammatory Processes in Cognitive Disorders - Sophie Laye, Universite Bordeaux - Video
  • Exercise, Nutrition and Brain Funciton: What are the steps toward dietary and physical activity Recommendations? - Mary Ann Johnson, University of Georgia - Video
  • Panel Discussion - Video
Utility of Predictive Modeling for Nutrition Research, Clinical Interventions and Public Health
Sunday, 23 April 2017
8:30AM- 10:30AM
S105BCD
Speakers:
  • Intro to Predictive Modeling: From Linear Regression Models to Mechanistic Mathematical Modeling - David Allison, University of Alabama at Birmingham - Video;
  • Use of Predictive Modeling in the Design of Clinical Studies Kevin Hall, NIDDK - Video;
  • Application of Predictive Modeling in Weight Loss Counseling -  Corby Martin, Pennington Biomedical Research Center - Video;
  • Application of Predictive Modeling in Personalized Nutrition - Ben van Ommen, TNO - Video;
  • Utility of PRedictive Modeling for Public Health Obesity Policies - Emily Dhurandhar, Texas Tech University - Video;
  • Summary and Wrap-Up - Diana Thomas, West Point - Video
    Supported by the Protein Committee
  • Full session playlist
Learning Lab: How to Access and Use a Fiber and Health Outcomes Database for Researchers and Policymakers
Tuesday, 25 April 2017
11:00AM - 12:30PM
S105AB
Speakers: Kara Livingston, Tufts University; Caleigh Sawicki, Tufts University
Supported by the Carbohydrate Committee Posters
Sources of dietary folate/folic acid in women of different races in the United States between 2009 and 2012: What is the role of fortified and enriched products?
PDF
Abstract Number: 6707
Poster Board Number C88
Presenter: Ray DeVirgiliis, George Washington University
Monday, 24 April
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Co-hosted by U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) and the IAFNS Technical Committee on Food & Chemical Safety

This workshop will bring together scientists from government, academia and industry to discuss the advances in testing strategies to reduce animal testing and the need for the development of a standardized approach for use of these alternative methodologies in food safety assessment.

Workshop Proceedings:

State of the Science on Alternatives to Animal Testing and Integration of Testing Strategies for Food Safety Assessments

Read the Proceedings Registration Expand

There is no fee to attend the workshop but, registration is required by Tuesday, February 21. Please register for the workshop using this link: Workshop Registration

Webcast Registration
Register for webcast here: webcast registration
Webcast participants can submit questions online during the event. These will be answered as time allows. Agenda Expand

8:30-8:40 am: Welcome Suzanne Fitzpatrick, FDA Mansi Krishan, IAFNS

8:40-8:55am
Introductory Remarks
Dennis Keefe, FDA
Heidi Bialk, IAFNS Member Scientist 8:55-9:35am
Integrated Testing Strategies in Food Safety
Alan Boobis, Imperial College London [30 mins + 10 mins Q & A] 9:35-10:15am
State of the Science on High Through-Put Screening (HTS): Food Safety Perspective
Nadine Bewry, FDA 10:30-11:10am
Case Studies to Describe the Limitations of Using HTS data in Food Safety Assessment
Rebecca Clewell, ScitoVation 11:10 -11:50am
Identify and Translate Learnings from On-Going Assay Validation Efforts into Standard HTS Testing Practices
Richard Judson, EPA 12:50- 1:30pm
Read Across Approaches: Chemical Structure and Bioactivity Profiling Applicable to Food Safety
Grace Patlewicz, EPA 1:30-2:10pm
FDA Perspective on Read Across Approaches
Tim Adams, FDA 2:10-2:50 pm
Organ on a Chip Technology
Daniel Levner, Emulate 3:05- 4:30pm
Panel Discussion Moderator: Suzanne Fitzpatrick, FDA Panelists:
All speakers, Thomas Hartung, Johns Hopkins University and Katya Tsaioun, Johns Hopkins University 4:30-4:40pm
Concluding Remarks
Suzanne Fitzpatrick
FDA Mansi Krishan, IAFNS Videos Expand

A video of the workshop can be found on the FDA YouTube channel

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While the role of systematic reviews becomes more fully appreciated, the quality of systematic reviews is inconsistent. As the field of systematic reviews evolves, there are an increasing number of frameworks and approaches that can be used to conduct such comprehensive research.  When conducting systematic reviews there are questions about how to: develop a protocol and PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome) questions, execute a search strategy, manage data, grade the literature, evaluate and manage biases, and ensure transparency of the process. This session will address these components by using a large multi-endpoint systematic review of caffeine which followed the framework of the IOM Report "Finding What Works in Health Care: Standards for Systematic Reviews", as a case study.

There continues to be interest within the scientific community in what is a safe level of caffeine intake and if certain populations should have modified recommendations.  Since the 2003 release of the highly cited and valued review by Nawrot et al., "Effects of caffeine on human health", there have been more than 5,000 articles on the effects of caffeine in humans published, highlighting the need for an update to this body of work.

The Systematic Review of the effects of caffeine on human health took into account the challenges of including nutrition and toxicological evidence. The health endpoints reviewed for caffeine are: acute toxicity, behavior, bone and calcium homeostasis, cardiovascular health, developmental and reproductive toxicity, and pharmacokinetics in three healthy populations.  The session will present the lessons learned and will emphasize the efforts taken to ensure transparency and rigor that allow for the achievement of a high level of scientific quality.  Specific areas of focus will include challenges with identifying and integrating caffeine intakes by level of adversity (e.g., physiological or clinical endpoints), and difficulties in applying standard risk of bias tools across outcomes and endpoints.

Although this session will focus on the Caffeine Systematic Review as a case study, the process, findings, and lessons are relevant to nutrition researchers and professionals who utilize systematic reviews.

Agenda & Videos Expand Welcome
Alison Kretser, MS, RD, IAFNS The Caffeine Landscape - framing the need for the Systematic Review 
Dennis Keefe, PhD, FDA
Video Striving for the Gold Standard in the Systematic Review Process
Esther Myers, PhD, RDN, FAND, EF Myers Consulting
Video The Methodology and Challenges of the Caffeine Systematic Review
Daniele Wikoff, PhD, ToxStrategies
Video Q&A
Moderated by Dennis Keefe, PhD
Video

10:10 - 10:25 Break

General Results of the Systematic Review
Daniele Wikoff, PhD, ToxStrategies
Video

Results of Specific Health Endpoints- Scientific Advisory Board Members

  • Harris Lieberman, US Army - Behavior - Video 
  • Charles O'Brien, University of Pennsylvania - Behavior - Video (See Lieberman for pdf)
  • Jennifer Peck, PhD University of Oklahoma - Reproductive & Developmental Toxicity - Video 
  • Daniele Wikoff on behalf of Jeffrey Goldberger, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine- Cardiovascular - Video 
  • Connie Weaver, PhD, Purdue University - Bone & Calcium - Video 
  • Milton Tenenbein, MD, University of Manitoba - Acute & Pharmacokinetics - Video 
Panel Discussion with the Caffeine Systematic Review Project Team Members Video
Moderated by Dennis Keefe, PhD
Panel includes: 6 of the 7 Scientific Advisory Board members, Daniele Wikoff of ToxStrategies (Scientific Review Team), Alison Kretser of IAFNS (Oversight Committee) Overall Conclusions - presented by Daniele Wikoff
Full session playlist  CoffeeBambooSmall

See IAFNS's other sessions at Experimental Biology 2017:

Full Schedule Learn more [post_title] => Conducting a Systematic Review for a Global Audience: Challenges in Merging Nutrition and Toxicological Evidence for a Safety Assessment of Caffeine [post_excerpt] => [post_status] => publish [comment_status] => closed [ping_status] => closed [post_password] => [post_name] => experimental-biology-2017-2 [to_ping] => [pinged] => [post_modified] => 2021-02-09 16:44:05 [post_modified_gmt] => 2021-02-09 16:44:05 [post_content_filtered] => [post_parent] => 0 [guid] => https://iafnsconnect.wpengine.com/?post_type=event&p=2388 [menu_order] => 0 [post_type] => event [post_mime_type] => [comment_count] => 0 [filter] => raw ) [comment_count] => 0 [current_comment] => -1 [found_posts] => 19 [max_num_pages] => 4 [max_num_comment_pages] => 0 [is_single] => [is_preview] => [is_page] => [is_archive] => [is_date] => [is_year] => [is_month] => [is_day] => [is_time] => [is_author] => [is_category] => [is_tag] => [is_tax] => [is_search] => [is_feed] => [is_comment_feed] => [is_trackback] => [is_home] => 1 [is_privacy_policy] => [is_404] => [is_embed] => [is_paged] => 1 [is_admin] => [is_attachment] => [is_singular] => [is_robots] => [is_favicon] => [is_posts_page] => [is_post_type_archive] => [query_vars_hash:WP_Query:private] => b692340bd2edd989c384be3e1209b726 [query_vars_changed:WP_Query:private] => [thumbnails_cached] => [allow_query_attachment_by_filename:protected] => [stopwords:WP_Query:private] => [compat_fields:WP_Query:private] => Array ( [0] => query_vars_hash [1] => query_vars_changed ) [compat_methods:WP_Query:private] => Array ( [0] => init_query_flags [1] => parse_tax_query ) )


2017

EuroTox 2017

Bratislava, Slovakia

2016 Summer Fellow, Agnes Karmaus, will present her work on the evaluation of food-use chemicals in ToxCast.

Read more about EuroTox 2017

WC10

Seattle, WA, USA

2016 Summer Fellow, Alex Turley received an award to present her work on food relevant chemicals in ToxCast at WC10.

Read more about WC10

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The IAFNS Food, Nutrition and Safety Program (FNSP) mid-year meeting combines presentations on topics of current interest with reports on progress within the organization's new and on-going programs.  Explore the topics below by accessing the presentation videos.

Food Fraud Food Fraud Food Fraud: A Focus on Prevention
Roy Fenoff, PhD, The Citadel Circadian Rhythm Circadian Rhythm in Health and Disease
Satchin Panda, PhD, Salk Institute Systems Science Systems Science: The Next Frontier in Food, Nutrition and Health
Bruce Lee, MD, MBA Johns Hopkins University Foodborne Illness Estimating Outbreak-Based Foodborne Illness Source Attribution for Four Priority Pathogens 
Michael Batz, US FDA

 

Open Data Open Data Sets, Transparency and Challenges for the Future
Jennifer Freeman Smith, PhD, Center for Open Science Metabolomics Metabolomics for Food Composition and Food Biomarker Analysis
David Wishart, PhD, University of Alberta Case Examples of Metabolomics Use in Dietary & Nutrition Studies
Susan Sumner, PhD, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill [post_title] => 2017 FNSP Mid-Year Meeting [post_excerpt] => [post_status] => publish [comment_status] => closed [ping_status] => closed [post_password] => [post_name] => 2017-fnsp-mid-year-meeting [to_ping] => [pinged] => [post_modified] => 2021-03-24 12:39:23 [post_modified_gmt] => 2021-03-24 12:39:23 [post_content_filtered] => [post_parent] => 0 [guid] => https://iafnsconnect.wpengine.com/?post_type=event&p=2385 [menu_order] => 0 [post_type] => event [post_mime_type] => [comment_count] => 0 [filter] => raw ) [3] => WP_Post Object ( [ID] => 2579 [post_author] => 343 [post_date] => 2017-06-22 20:09:07 [post_date_gmt] => 2017-06-22 20:09:07 [post_content] => IAFP

IAFNS is sponsoring 4 scientific sessions and 2 posters at the 2017 International Association for Food Protection Annual Meeting. Explore all the presentations below. 

Scientific Sessions

Controlling foodborne pathogens Controlling foodborne pathogens Battling Bad Bugs: Biological Approaches to Control Pathogens
Monday, July 10, 2017 from 3:30- 5:00 PM

Session Conveners: Isabel Walls, USDA NIFA, and Kendra Nightingale, Texas Tech University

Abstract:
The food industry often relies on physical and chemical interventions to control foodborne pathogens. This session is intended to discuss biological approaches to control foodborne pathogens throughout the food continuum. Topics to be covered include the use of (i) biocontrol of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica Serovar Poona on fresh-cut apples with naturally occurring bacterial and yeast antagonists, (ii) probiotics to reduce the load of foodborne pathogens that enter the human food chain and pathogen populations on food and in food processing environments and (iii) bacteriophage to combat bacterial foodborne pathogens. This session will also include discussions on consumer perception and acceptance of these biological approaches to control foodborne pathogens. Biocontrol of the Food-Borne Pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica Serovar Poona on Fresh-Cut Apples with Naturally Occurring Bacterial and Yeast Antagonists
Wojciech Janisiewicz, USDA ARS
Video Application of Probiotics to Control Foodborne Pathogens from Farm to Fork
Mindy Brashears, Texas Tech University
Video Application of Bacteriophage to Control Foodborne Pathogens in the Food Processing Environment and in Ready-to Eat Foods
Sam Alcaine, Cornell University
Video Managing Risk Managing Risk in a Zero Tolerance World
Tuesday, July 11, 2017 from 8:30 AM - 12:00 PM

Session Conveners: Laurie Post, Deibel Labs, Edith Wilkin, Leprino Foods Company

Abstract: It is accepted that there is risk in everything and the discipline of risk assessment focuses on minimizing risk to an acceptable level. This seems to be in conflict with the concept of zero tolerance, which is not completely codified in regulation and yet does seem to exist in actual food industry practice. Does the current interpretation of FSMA rules and regulatory application of new technologies in outbreak investigation drive the expectation of a zero-risk environment? What should risk assessment and food safety management look like in this changing landscape? How can risk be managed to allow suitable options for consumers and food manufacturers? The perception and understanding of risk necessitates a conversation between regulators, consumers, and the food industry.

The Changing Landscape: Implications of New Regulations on Risk Assessment
Donald Zink, IEH Laboratories & Consulting Group
Video The International Dynamic of Risk Assessment
Robert Buchanan, University of Maryland
Video How is Whole Genome Sequencing Impacting Assessments of Risk and Setting of Standards?
Luca Cocolin, University of Turin
Video Setting Risk Based Performance Standards
Roy Betts, Campden BRI
Video Risk Management- Strategies and Challenges in a Zero Risk Environment
Tim Jackson, previously Nestlé North America
Video Consumer Perceptions of Risk and How It Influences Their Choices
William Hallman, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
Video Debate: Food Safety Perspectives A Debate: Current Perspectives in Food Safety
Wednesday, July 12, 2017 from 8:30 AM to 10:00 AM

Abstract: This interactive roundtable is intended to engender lively discussion of important food safety topics. It is assumed audience participants will have a basic understanding of the unresolved issues surrounding the topics to be discussed in the symposium. The session will cover three topics: "The good, the bad, and the ugly foods: Should we encourage the consumption of "ugly" and expired foods?"; "Who's to blame? Do consumers own a piece of food safety?"; and, "Which is the real 'obesogen'-pizza or the pizza box?" Each topic will include a 7-minute presentation in support of (Yes, Pizza) followed by a 7-minute presentation in opposition of (No, Pizza Box) the proposed topic question. Each speaker will have 3 minutes for extemporaneous rebuttals. A 6-minute question/answer session will then follow to allow for audience participation. We will have electronic polling of the audience to allow for a Yes/No vote on each topic question prior to and following the discussion to evaluate whether people's views have been changed by the presentations.

Convener: Kendra Nightingale, Texas Tech University

The good, the bad, and the ugly foods: Should we encourage the consumption of "ugly" and expired foods?
Yes: Sarah Cahill, FAO
No: Rob Tauxe, CDC
Video Who's to blame? Do consumers own a piece of food safety?
Yes: Sarah Brew, Faegre Baker Daniels, LLP
No: Bill Marler, Marler Clark, LLP
Video Which is the real "obesogen"-pizza or the pizza box?
Pizza: Ruth Kava, American Council on Science and Health
Pizza Box: Stephen Safe, Texas A&M University
Video Chemical & Microbial Risk Assessment Chemical and Microbial Risk Assessment: Similarities and Differences
Wednesday, July 12, 2017 from 10:30 AM - 12:00 PM

Convener: Doug Holt, Dr. Pepper Snapple Group

Abstract: In food safety, risk assessment is the scientific evaluation of known or potential health effects resulting from human exposure to chemicals or microorganisms. Exposure to pathogenic microorganisms is different from exposure to chemicals. Microorganisms differ from chemicals as they can grow or die and the level of exposure to microorganisms can change dramatically in a short period. The speakers in this session will discuss the similarities and differences between chemical and microbial risk assessment; risk and risk benefit analysis and will present some case studies.

Chemical Risk Assessments and their Uses in Decision Making
Joseph Rodricks, Ramboll Environ
Video Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment: Dealing with Biological Diversity
Robert Buchanan, University of Maryland
Video Safety and Risk Assessments: Fit for Purpose
Jane Van Doren, FDA

Poster Presentations

Listeria monocytogenes Listeria monocytogenes Fate of Listeria monocytogenes in Cocoa Powder during Isothermal Inactivation
P3-16
Presentation on Wednesday, July 12, 2017

Authors: Hsieh-Chin Tsai, Washington State University, Marizela Silva, Washington State University, Juming Tang, Washington State University, Meijun Zhu, Washington State University

Introduction: Listeria monocytogenes can survive in dry condition for a long period of time. Despite an increasing number of studies addressing Salmonella inactivation in low-moisture foods, there is a general lack of knowledge related to L. monocytogenes inactivation in low moisture foods during thermal processing and to the factors impacting their survival in low moisture food. Cocoa powder is an essential ingredient and widely incorporated in different desserts and drinks and thus a possible source of L. monocytogenes contamination.

Purpose: To evaluate the thermal resistance of L. monocytogenes in cocoa powder and further investigate the impact of water activity (aw) on its survival in cocoa powder.

Methods: Natural unsweetened cocoa powder (Hershey's) was inoculated with three-strain L. monocytogenes cocktail (~9.0 log CFU/g), equilibrated to water activity (aw, 25°C) to 0.3 or 0.45, then subjected to isothermal treatments using aluminum TDT test cell containing 0.4 g of inoculated and equilibrated sample. The survivors were enumerated on TSAYE plates.

Results: Inactivation data resulted from different temperatures at both aw showed log-linear trend which was used to obtained thermal inactivation parameters. Thermal resistance of L. monocytogenes at 0.3 aw was significantly higher than that at 0.45 aw across all three temperatures. Listeria monocytogenes at 0.3 aw and 0.45 aw had D70°C of 7.44±1.17 and 4.77±0.28 min, D75°C of 3.62±0.03 and 2.84±0.09 min, and D80°C of 1.35±0.04 and 1.06±0.05 min, respectively, z-value at 0.3 aw and 0.45 aw was 13.48 and 15.31°C, respectively.

Significance: Listeria monocytogenes demonstrated much higher thermal resistance in cocoa powder compared to the high moisture foods, which is impacted by aw. Data provide valuable information for industry to validate thermal processing for control of L. monocytogenes in low moisture foods.

Salmonella Assessment of Survival and Virulence of Salmonella in Low-moisture Foods
P3-17
Poster Presentation on Wednesday, July 12, 2017

Authors: Victor Jayeola, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, Jeffrey Farber, University of Guelph, CRIFS, Department of Food Science, Guelph, Canada, Sophia Kathariou, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC

Introduction: Low-moisture foods (LMF) have been implicated in multiple outbreaks of salmonellosis. However, mechanisms mediating survival and virulence of Salmonella in such foods remain poorly understood

Purpose: To assess survival and virulence of Salmonella in low moisture foods.

Methods : A two-strain mixture of Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhimurium and Enteritidis was used to inoculate two model LMF, chocolate and in shell pistachios. Products (100 g) were inoculated with four ml of the Salmonella cell suspension, dried for one to three hours until aw approximated that of the uninoculated product, aliquoted into 15-ml centrifuge tubes and stored in the dark at 22°C. Salmonella populations immediately after inoculation, after drying and at 1, 4, 6, 10, 15, and 21 days were determined in triplicate on nonselective (TSA-YE) and selective (XLD) media. Virulence was tested in the insect Galleria mellonella model by injecting 10 µl of rinsate from products at one day into the last left proleg of 10 larvae. Rinsate from uninoculated products were also injected as controls. The larvae were incubated at 37°C and larval mortality was daily monitored.

Results: The population of Salmonella in the inoculated products was eight and nine log CFU/g immediately after inoculation and 7.3 and 8.0 log CFU/g after drying for chocolate and pistachios, respectively. Populations decreased to 4.5 and 7.5 log CFU/g by 21 days in chocolate and pistachios, respectively. Recovery of Salmonella from either product on TSAYE and XLD was similar. Larvae inoculated with 3.4 log CFU/ml of the cocktail had a mortality of 100% after 24 h compared to 80% of larvae inoculated with 3.9 log CFU/ml cells from chocolate and 30% for larvae inoculated with 3.7 log CFU/ml cells from pistachios. The mortality of controls was 0 and 10% for uninoculated pistachios and chocolate, respectively.

Significance: Findings show that Salmonella can survive in chocolate liquor and pistachios and that cells adapted to the LMF environment retained virulence.

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